1. Germ factors
If contaminated microorganisms in some tools are reduced excessively due to cleaning, the sterilization needs relatively short contact time.
Natural condition of microorganisms in different species has the sensitivity to different heat or chemicals. The most obvious difference is among vegetative cells and bacterial endospores which the environment can increase or reduce the power of the chemical.
2. Disease transmission factors
In controlling the spread of infection, the action to take is cutting off the link of the disease transmission process, which is known as "circulair chain of the infectious process ", namely:
a) Causative agent is the first link that must be destroyed; usually the cause of this infectious disease is microorganisms such as germs, viruses, fungi and so on. The destruction can be done by sterilization.
b) Reservoir is place where microorganisms live and breed. To cut off the link, it must be maintained the cleanliness of the room, the environment and the tools used in nursing homes. In addition, the operator must always be aware that each patient may be a carrier and the source of infection.
c) Portal of exit is the route or track which can be passed by the pathogenic germs to leave the human body.
d) Mode of transfer is the transmission of germs that can occur in various ways such as through air, body touching or the equipment.
e) Portal of entry is the entry of pathogenic germs into the human body. It can through the digestive tract, respiratory tract, skin and mucous membranes.
f) Susceptible host. This link is difficult to be broken because it depends on the durability and individual health.
3. Executive factors
Things that need to be considered in executive factors include: personal hygiene and good hand hygiene. Executive factors include the cleanliness of the body from head to toe. Executive is always neatly dressed, wearing protective clothe and masks and paying attention to hand hygiene to avoid the transfer of germs to the patient or vice versa (Sudianto KF, 2000).
