1. Parts are the system`s components and they are interdependent units. None can operate without the other. Change in one part effects the entire unit. For example, the person as a whole system is made up of physical, emotional, mental, spiritual and social aspects. Physically, he is made up of the body systems-neurological, cardiovascular, etc. the health agency is one part of the health care system, and it, in turn, is made up of parts: the phisical plant, employees, clients, departments that give services.
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3. Information or communication, the sending of messages and geting feedback or the exchange of energy, varies with the system but is essential to achieve goals.
4. Boundary is a baarrier or area of demarcation that limits or keeps a system distinct from its environment and within which information is exchanged. The skin of the person, home of the family, or walls of the health agency are boundaries. Yet the boundary is not always rigid. Relatives outside the home are part of the family. The boundary may be an imaginary line, such as the feeling that comes from belonging to a certain racial or ethnic group.
5. Organization is the formal or informal arrangement of parts to form a whole entity so that the organism or institution has a working order that result in established hierarchy, rules, or customs. The person is organized into a physical structure, basic needs, cognitive stages, and achievement of developmental tasks. In the family or health agency, hierarchy provides organization that is based on power (ability to control others) and responsibility. The specialization of medical practice is also a way of organizing care. Organization in an institution is also maintained by norms, roles, and customs that each member must learn.
5. Organization is the formal or informal arrangement of parts to form a whole entity so that the organism or institution has a working order that result in established hierarchy, rules, or customs. The person is organized into a physical structure, basic needs, cognitive stages, and achievement of developmental tasks. In the family or health agency, hierarchy provides organization that is based on power (ability to control others) and responsibility. The specialization of medical practice is also a way of organizing care. Organization in an institution is also maintained by norms, roles, and customs that each member must learn.
6. Goals are the purpose of a reasons for the system to exist.
7. Environment refers to the social and physical world outside the system, boundaries, or the community in which the system exists. A constant exchange of energy and information must exist with the surrounding specified environment if the system is to be open, useful, and creative. If this information or energy exchange does not occur, the system becomes closed and ineffective.
References :
Murray, RB and Zentner JP., Nursing Concepts for Health Promotion, Second Edtion, Prentice-Hall, Inc, Englewood Cliffs, N.J, 1979
Anderson, Ralph, and I. Carter, Human Behavior in the Social Environment. Chicago : Aldine Publishing Company, 1974.
Berrien, F. Kenneth, General and Social Systems. New Brunswick. N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1968.
Loomis, J., et al. “Cancer Incidence in Mormons and NonMormons in Utah, 1966-1970,” New England Journal of Medicine, 1976.
